Abstract: Purpose/Significance Modernization of rural governance presents not only the intrinsic law and important content of national governance modernization, but also a strategic key to the coordinated promotion of new urbanization construction and rural revitalization, still a rational choice in response to the transformation of major social contradictions. Design/Methodology The long-neglected rural governance has faced multiple dilemmas such as efficiency and equality imbalance, development and stability disorder, production factor outflow and introduction mismatch, underestimated public culture after renewal, ineffective village regulations and incentives. With the transformation of society, the rural governance is faced with issues such as social atomization and fragmentation of rural residents, the weakening of rural organization, the involution and suspension of the rural governance system, and the accumulation of environmental pollution. Findings/Conclusions On the occasion of the 70th anniversary of the founding of the People’s Republic of China, this paper proposes an optimal governance plan featuring the combined rule of autonomy, law, virtue and technology, after summarizing and rethinking the experience and lessons learned from the “Down to the Countryside” top-down policies and the bottom-up model in rural governance.