Abstract: In the new era, China has formed a poverty alleviation thought with Chinese characteristics in the continuous practice of poverty alleviation work. This is the new achievement of Marx and Engels’ anti-poverty theory. The status quo of poverty in China is the premise of the formation of poverty alleviation thoughts. Adhering to the correct purpose and concept, and really help the poor and help the real poor, is the necessary cornerstone in the process of poverty alleviation. The practical characteristics of China’s poverty alleviation thoughts in the new era are manifested in the unwavering adherence to the fundamental concept of the people-centered, emphasizing the important links between poverty alleviation, prompting ambition and education improvement, attaching great importance to all kinds of typical problems in poverty alleviation. Under the background of comprehensively implementing the rural revitalization strategy and decisively building a well-off society in an all-round way, understanding and grasping the core essence of China’s poverty alleviation and development thinking in the new era, summing up experience based on existing achievements, keeping to deepen poverty alleviation and development have a positive time value and historical significance for the development of socialist cause.