Abstract: Purpose/Significance This paper, through empirical research, analyzes the implications of factors such as farmers’ health status and public health system on the stability of farmers’ poverty alleviation, in a bid to provide theoretical basis for the stability of poverty alleviation in the post-poverty alleviation era.Design/Methodology The data of China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) in 2016 is utilized, and the poverty thresholds announced by the World Bank is set up as the standard. This paper takes the field of vision for targeted poverty alleviation, and measures the poverty reduction status from three indicators, namely, poverty or not, poverty intensity and poverty gap. Meanwhile, logit and tobit models are used to analyze the implications of the proportion of farmers’ medical expenditure, health status and tap water use on the stability of farmers’ poverty alleviation. Findings/Conclusions The proportion of medical expenditure has a significant positive impact on poverty or not, poverty intensity and poverty gap. At the same time, both the farmers’ health status and the use of tap water facilities have a negative impact on poverty or not. In addition, the high proportion of medical expenditure is an important reason to worsen poverty of poor farmer families. The farmers’ health status could help them get rid of poverty. A sound public health system is conducive to the raising of farmers’ health status and their ability against poverty.