Abstract: Purpose/Significance Promoting the compulsory education from basically balanced to high-quality and balanced development is the top priority for the education in Jiangsu Province. How to optimize the allocation of limited resources holds the key in the process. Design/Methodology This paper firstly evaluates the resource allocation efficiency of primary school and junior high school in Counties A, B and C in 2017 based on data envelopment analysis to study the balance and differences of current compulsory education resource allocation in Jiangsu Province. Secondly, the Meta-frontier analysis framework is introduced to explore the impact of regional differences and urban-rural differences on the evaluation process of resource allocation efficiency respectively. Thirdly, according to the panel data from 2011 to 2017, the efficiency trends of the three counties administrated by Jiangsu Province are further analyzed. Findings/Conclusions On the basis of a series of quantitative analysis results, the following conclusions are obtained: the compulsory education resource allocation efficiency of Jiangsu Province is basically balanced, but there is still a large gap from the high-quality and balanced development, and regional differences and urban-rural differences could affect efficiency evaluation in different ways. Finally, this paper gives corresponding policy suggestions to promote the high-quality and balanced development of compulsory education in Jiangsu Province.