Abstract: With the rapid development of digital technology and the deepening of digital transformation in various industries, digital new quality productivity is becoming a key force in promoting economic growth and social progress. In order to comprehensively analyze the formation logic and rich connotation of digital new quality productivity, and then promote its development, this paper adopts the methods of literature analysis, theoretical analysis and mathematical deduction, based on the productivity theory of Marxist political economy, discusses the historical evolution of social productivity and its development trend, and in-depth interpretations of the nature of the digital new quality productivity as well as its connotation and extension, with a focus on the analysis of its formation logic and role characteristics. The research results show that the essence of digital new quality productivity is advanced productivity driven by cutting-edge digital technological innovation, which is more inclusive and embodies new connotations. The basic connotation of digital new quality productivity includes the leap of workers, labor materials, labor objects and their optimal combinations, and the extension involves two core aspects, namely, the improvement of total factor productivity and the optimization of industrial structure. The formation of new digital productivity is driven by the combination of revolutionary breakthroughs in digital technology, innovative allocation of production factors and deep transformation and upgrading of industries, which is characterized by high technology, high efficiency and high quality. The article further explains the composition of the new digital productivity, i.e. the interpenetration of the dynamic mechanism centered on digital technology, data elements, digital industrialization and industrial digitization, and the factors of production such as laborers, labor materials, and labor objects, and then proposes a formula for the calculation of the new digital productivity for evaluating its impact. The study shows that the emergence of digital new quality productivity is not only the inheritance of the traditional Marxist productivity theory, but also its innovative development, which is one of the concrete manifestations of the development of social productivity into a new stage, and the in-depth study of digital new quality productivity provides an important perspective for understanding and promoting the high-quality development in the era of digital economy.