Abstract: Accurately identifying agricultural “pollution paradise” effect and systematically revealing the transmission and feedback mechanism of environmental regulation affecting agricultural pollution through different channels can fully understand the real role of environmental regulation in agricultural pollution. Based on panel data of 30 provinces from 2011 to 2019, by constructing a simultaneous equation model of endogenous environmental regulations, this paper empirically tests the scale, composition and technique effects of environmental regulations on agricultural water and air pollution, to study the highly controversial influence of environmental regulation on agricultural pollution. Research shows: (1) the technique effect of environmental regulation has different effects on different pollutions, and the scale effect and composition effect are consistent in favor of agricultural pollution reduction, while the composition effect has a significant effect. (2) The factor endowment and innovation compensation effects indirectly induced by environmental regulation offset the agricultural “pollution paradise” effect. The three hypotheses work simultaneously and produce opposite effects. (3) Factor endowments, human capital and technological progress all have a positive impact on pollution except that environmental regulation plays a fundamental role in reducing agricultural pollution. (4) To some extent, environmental regulation is endogenous determined by initial economic factors such as population, employment, per capita income and technological level.