Abstract: This paper uses a sample survey of the empirical method to inspect the operation conditions of Shaanxi new rural cooperative health care from aspects of health care costs, diseases encountered by farmers and benefits received by farmers. Studies have shown that farmers in Shaanxi Province have a very strong demand for the new type of cooperative medical care, and taking part in the new rural cooperative medical care system will help farmers to seek better medical treatment. However, there is gap between farmers’ recognition and the government’s expectation. Poverty is still the main reason for Shannxi poor farmers to hardly utilize health care resources.