Abstract: The spatial distribution of population is a combination of spatial and temporal elements, which can reflect the overall development of the city and become the direct basis for the formulation of urban planning and population policy. Based on the latest and most authoritative sixth census data and relevant statistical yearbook data, this paper analyzes the spatial distribution characteristics of population in Chengdu from the aspects of spatial attribute and social attribute by using the population structure index and related statistical analysis method. The results show that: first, from the perspective of spatial attribute, the total population distribution is imbalanced, the spatial distribution has large disparity, and it is centered on five main urban areas and concentric to the suburbs of a sharp decline in the situation. Meanwhile, the concentration of population is weak and the imbalance is strong, which appears an increasing trend. Second, from the perspective of social attribute, the minority population is mainly distributed in the west and northwest of the city; the floating population is located in the central urban area and industrial area; the highly educated population is concentrated in the institutions of higher learning and scientific research institutes; the population of primary, secondary and tertiary industries presents a distribution trend of concentric circles from the city center outward layer by layer.