Abstract: The obstacles and problems of the left-behind children not only bother their normal growth, but also affect the social stability and endanger the future of the nation. Basically, the left-behind children are a group of "institutional orphans", and are the product and victims of the binary urban-rural split of social policies. The erroneous idea of development and the mistakes in the practical work not only ineffectively alleviate the problems of the left-behind children in some places under the new rural construction, and on the contrary, as a primary means of economic development of the new rural construction, it may deepen the plight and the crisis of the left-behind children. We must ultimately change the development concepts, completely reform the binary social policies that divide the urban and the rural, redress the direction of the new rural construction, deepen the system reform, and effectively solve the problems of the left-behind children.