Abstract: This study provides a systematic review of the 150-year development of Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) technology from 1875 to 2025, tracing its evolutionary trajectory from foundational neuroscience to the frontier of human-machine collaboration. The development of BCI is divided into four stages: exploratory origins and early practices (1875—1973), conceptual emergence and technological breakthroughs (1973—1999), standardization and clinical expansion (1999—2014), and technological boom with diversified applications (2014—2025). The study highlights the characteristics of BCI evolution as “multi-paradigm coexistence, interdisciplinary integration, and human-machine co-construction,” reflecting its ongoing transformation from an interaction tool to a collaborative agent, while raising profound ethical and societal challenges. Meanwhile, the generative mechanisms of EEG signals remain insufficiently understood, rendering current BCI research a typical case of “technological leap preceding theoretical clarification” within the framework of Pasteur’s quadrant. The study further emphasizes that the future of BCI depends on the dual driving forces of basic neuroscience and engineering innovation, in order to accelerate its evolution toward intelligent infrastructure.