Abstract: The parental investment in children’s human capital has the significant function in improving the quality of the children’s human capital in the future. Comparing with the other regions of China, there is an obvious gap between the ability of the parental investment in children’s human capital in western rural region. The factors of the parental economic ability, the level of parent education, the parental utility tendency, the level of the public finance investment to western rural regions and so on influence the decision making of behavior of the investment in children’s human capital of the families in western rural China. The paper suggests that the cooperative effects from the government, society and families are needed in order to perfect the family’s investment behavior and strengthen the ability of the investment in children’s human capital in western rural China